Ecclesiastes 3:1-5
Physical Clock
Psychological Clock
Biological Clock
Collective Conscioness
Systems of Time
Time Measurement
Ancient Calendars
mystical in the esoteric sense that is not apparent nor obvious to the intelligence: beyond normal understanding
Leap Year - Normally there are 365 days in one year calendar year, but every fourth year we add an extra day to our calendar, to adjust for this extra 1/4 of a rotation each year. This correction was introduced at the time of Julius Caesar (46 B.C.) and allows our calendar to always measure the location of the Earth in its orbit about the sun accurately. The Spring equinox should always occur around March 21st, so farmers know when to plant their crops just by looking at the calendar. If we did not have a leap year, the spring equinox would be later on the calendar by 1/4 of day each year. This would mean that, in 100 years, the spring equinox would occur around April 15 (25 days later than it should be).
Leap Century - Normally at the end of the century, we do not have a leap year. This means that there are eight years between leap years instead of just four years. However every four centuries we do have a leap year at the end of the century as we did in the year 2000. Pope Gregory developed this correction to our calendars in the 1500s because religious holidays (such as Easter) were not consistent with the position of the sun, and had in fact changed by 11 days since the time of Caesar! This is because the Earth orbits the sun in 365 days, 5 hours and 48 minutes, a little less than 365 1/4 days. This refinement by Pope Gregory makes the current calendar a very accurate measure of where the Earth is in its orbit about the sun.
in space through the Constellations..
The Earth's axis is tilted from perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic by 23.45°. This tilting is what gives us the four seasons of the year - spring, summer, autumn (fall) and winter. Since the axis is tilted, different parts of the globe are oriented towards the Sun at different times of the year.
Summer is warmer than winter (in each hemisphere) because the Sun's rays hit the Earth at a more direct angle during summer than during winter and also because the days are much longer than the nights during the summer. During the winter, the Sun's rays hit the Earth at an extreme angle, and the days are very short. These effects are due to the tilt of the Earth's axis. Since the orbit of the Earth around the Sun is an ellipse, surprisingly, the Earth is closer to the Sun for a Northern Hemisphere winter than it is in the summer..
Solstices
The solstices are days when the Sun reaches its farthest northern and southern declinations. The winter solstice occurs on December 21 or 22 and marks the beginning of winter (this is the shortest day of the year). The summer solstice occurs on June 21 or 22 and marks the beginning of summer (this is the longest day of the year).
Equinoxes
Equinoxes are days in which day and night are of equal duration. The two yearly equinoxes occur when the Sun crosses the celestial equator.
The vernal equinox occurs on March 20 or 21 (this is the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of fall in the Southern Hemisphere); the autumnal equinox occurs in late September 22 or 23 (this is the beginning of fall in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of spring in the Southern Hemisphere).
History of 20th century time
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson
"This might suggest that the so-called imaginary time is really the real time, and that what we call real time is just a figment of our imaginations. In real time, the universe has a beginning and an end in singularities that form a boundary to space-time and at which the laws of science break down. But in imaginary time, there are no singularities or boundaries. so maybe what we call imaginary time is more basic, and what we call real time is just an idea we invent to help us describe what we think the universe is really like.
"We must accept that time is not completely separate from and independent of space, but is combined with it to form an object called space-time."
"As an object approaches the speed of light, its mass rises ever more quickly, so it takes more and more energy to speed it up further. It can in fact never reach the speed of light, because by then its mass would have become infinite,"
René Descartes had a very different answer to "What is time?" He argued that a material body has the property of spatial extension but no inherent capacity for temporal endurance, and that God by his continual action recreates the body at each successive instant. Time, therefore, is a divine process of re-creation.
Baruch Spinoza concluded that there is a corresponding distinction with respect to the mind. There is an aspect of the mind that is the expression of the existence of the body, and there is an aspect of the mind that is the expression of the essence of the body. Spinoza probably the greatest thinker of the 17th century followed in
the steps of Descartes but went further in his deductive reasoning that has finally easily understood only in the 20th century with the discovery of modern physics. It is Spinoza who stipulated that God is all substance in its infinite aspects that has only fully been understood with the advance of atomic theory and Einstien's E= MC² . In a simple illustration Spinoza saw God in all substance that simply morphed into existance in a constant perfection of creation. (see Monism) Dualism on the other hand is the seperation of mind and body.
In the 17th century, the English physicist Isaac Barrow rejected Aristotle's linkage between time and change by saying that time is something which exists independently of motion and which existed even before God's creation of the universe. Barrow's student, Isaac Newton, agreed. Newton argued very specifically that time and space are an infinitely large container for all events, and the container exists with or without the event.
In the 18th century, Immanuel Kant said time and space are forms that the mind projects upon the external things-in-themselves . Kant suggested a subtle relationship between time and mind--that our mind structures our perceptions so that we know a priori that time is like a mathematical line. Time is, on this theory, a form of conscious experience.
During history, a variety of answers have been given to the question of whether time is like a line or, instead, like a circle. The concept of linear time first appeared in the writings of the Hebrews and the Zoroastrian Iranians
St Augustine explicitly objected to Aristotle's belief that time is cyclical, and insisted that human experience is a one-way journey from Genesis to Judgment
The best estimate from the cosmologists these days is that the expansion of the universe will continue forever. There always will be the events of galaxies getting farther apart, and so future time will have an infinite duration.
Einstein's Theory of Relativity idea is that without reference to the frame, there is no fixed time interval between two events, no 'actual' duration between them.
Chapter 4 The Uncertainty Principle
Light causes the brain's internal clock to reset its cycle. Sunlight reaching photo receptors in the retina travels to the brain by the optic nerve. It sets off reactions in a region of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which serves as the body's clock. Circadian changes in the SCN affect the nervous system and cause daily fluctuations in many body traits. Nerve fibers also carry signals from the SCN to the pineal gland, which affects hormones and other functions.
Molecular "clocks" in the brain create natural cycles in many body traits, such as blood pressure and temperature. Scientists have learned that these clocks, which can be reset by sunlight, are controlled by special genes.
In mammals, including humans, a biological clock resides in a region of the brain's hypothalamus, a quarter-sized structure that regulates hormone levels and plays a role in emotions. In some insects and snails the clocks are usually located in the retina of the eye. In birds the clocks can also be found in a brain region called the pineal gland or in the hypothalamus.
The clocks are almost always linked to some form of light-sensing cell called a photoreceptor. This type of cell responds to sunlight in ways that help synchronize the clock with the 24-hour day.
Scientists have learned that exposure to light at certain times in the internal cycle can reset the clock in animals. In mammals, light turns on important genes and affects sleep patterns, alertness, and body temperature. In nature, this light sensitivity helps organisms synchronize their clock within the cycle of day and night.*
Biological rhythmicity and the clock mechanisms that drive biological rhythms are fundamental properties of all groups of cellular life, ranging from prokaryotes to humans. These biological clocks time specific molecular, physiological, and behavioral events to optimize their phase relationships relative to the time of day (circadian) and time of year (circannual). Clocks orchestrate the symphony of events within organisms such that physiological processes can anticipate events in appropriate sequences . ^
* Society for Neuroscience ^http://www.tamu.edu/clocks/ A&M University
In fact Einstein wrote:-
"... there is something essential about the "now" which is outside the realm of science."
It has a reality apart from our consciousness since it obviously continues to flow by while we sleep. Moreover, it was unreeling before we were born and continues to unreel after we are buried. It is as endless as eternity. It is in fact co-existent with eternity, and differs only from it by being a measured stretch of current that has direction of flow, rather than the immeasurable stillness of eternity that simply exists everywhere without movement. At least, so it seems...
Other internal factors are extremes of pain or fear, pleasure or excitement. These, too, effectively distort our awareness of the passage of time, the former enormously slowing it up and the latter substantially accelerating it. It has been observed that, in retrospect, we retain only vague memories of what was happening when time was dragging, but vivid memories when time was flying. It is as though our estimate of time is somehow adjusted to the intensity of our awareness.
Numerous theories of consciousness have been proposed over the millennia but none of these seems to explain the phenomenon.
Any complete theory of consciousness must contain the truths embodied in these theories but must also include explanations of all aspects of consciousness including perception and knowledge.
Philosophers have provided a remarkably consistent account of conscious experience as things arranged in some sort of mental space and time that is probably in the brain. The things are observed from an apparently impossible point within mental space and time.
Descartes describes the brain as the part of the body that contains images or phantasies of the world but believes that there is a further, spiritual mind that processes the images in the brain:
"... And although I may, or rather, as I will shortly say, although I certainly do possess a body with which I am very closely conjoined; nevertheless, because, on the one hand, I have a clear and distinct idea of myself, in as far as I am only a thinking and unextended thing, and as, on the other hand, I possess a distinct idea of body, in as far as it is only an extended and unthinking thing, it is certain that I, [that is, my mind, by which I am what I am], is entirely and truly distinct from my body, and may exist without it."
According to Immanuel Kant, It is nothing but the form of our inner intuition. If we take away from our inner intuition the peculiar condition of our sensibility, the concept of time likewise vanishes; it does not inhere in the objects, but merely in the subject which intuits them
The experience of time is the most difficult feature of this model. We experience things laid out in a short period of time called the extended present. Things extended in time are arranged independently of things laid out in space. The present is a moment and yet consciousness is a continuous flow of moments like a film is a continuous flow of photo's. Time is the motion from one photo to the next.
Meanwhile Henri Bergson's doctoral dissertation, Time and Free Will (1889; trans. 1910), was published and aroused great interest among philosophers. It presents his theories on the freedom of the mind and on duration, which he regarded as the succession of conscious states, intermingling and unmeasured. This work was followed by Matter and Memory (1896; trans. 1911), emphasizing the selectivity of the human brain; and Creative Evolution (1907; trans. 1911), probing the entire problem of human existence and defining the mind as pure energy, the élan vital, or vital force, responsible for all organic evolution.
Such "quantumn teleportation" of characteristics had been demontrated between beams of light. (Journal Nature)
All rules of physics suddenly become useless. As in science fiction teleportation suddenly becomes possible. Time and distance suddenly are duplicated and transported in a moment. Time is mastered.! (Gazette June 17 2004 page A28)
In simple terms Astrology is time. In ancient times it was the movements of the sun moon and the stars that time was measured. Astrology has developed into a study of cycles and how nature and the human condition is ruled by time. From Genesis or the Big Bang Theory time is the central theme.
Whether the world was created in 7 days or infinite time, the flow of time was always present. To understand Astrology is almost impossible to explain in scientific terms, however it can be understood that time is not inanimate but a massive cosmic expansion on a constant move with a beginning and an infinite future. The sum of this expansion are the cycles of the planets as the Earth rotates around the sun and is the external measure of time. The internal measure of time is the growth and expansion
of the DNA in the human form. Within each individual there is a life cycle that grows from birth to old age. The DNA has its time cycles as it passes from generation to generation. With Astrology time is more than a measurement, it is all interconnected in a oneness which to some is the connection to God and to some the mystical mystery of life. All time is a cosmic plasma of vibrations that is connected in Einstien's formula
E = MC²
As the earth rotates around the sun in aprox. 365.23 days at an angle of 23.5 degrees with the axis remaining more or less constant causing the seasons. The sun rays are captured at different angels from the differnt positions of Earth. It is this angle that remains more or less constant that causes the seasons. On one side of the sun the Earth leans toward the sun, but on the other side of the sun it leans away from the sun.
The Sun also rotates every 27 days but remains stationary in relation to Earth.
As the seasons are foretold by the rotation of the Earth around the sun the same progression can be foretold by the biological and psychological clock. Since the future is the progression from the past as it was before it shall be bound to repeat itself the progression is really a spiral of cosmic time.
As the world rotates it also wobbles but also the universe is expanding and so the Earth never returns to same spot the year before. In theory if the Earth could return to same spot the year before it would be time travel to the past. What Astrology does is progress Time into the future and makes assumptions based on experience with the influence (nurture, nature) of an expanding world.
Physicists agree that time is one of the most difficult properties of our universe to understand. Although scientists are able to describe the past and the future and demarcations such as seconds and minutes, they cannot define exactly what time is. The scientific study of time began in the 16th century with the work of Italian physicist and astronomer Galileo Galilei. In the 17th century English mathematician and physicist Sir Isaac Newton continued the study of time. A comprehensive explanation of time did not exist until the early 20th century, when German-born American physicist Albert Einstein proposed his theories of relativity. These theories define time as the fourth dimension of a four-dimensional world consisting not just of space but of space and time.
I Physical Time
Several ways to measure time are in use today. Solar time is based on the rotation of Earth on its axis. It makes use of the Sun's apparent motion across the sky to measure the duration of a day. Sidereal time is also based on Earth's rotation, but uses the apparent motion of the "fixed" stars across the sky as Earth rotates as the basis for time determination. Standard time, the familiar clock time most people use in everyday life, is based on the division of Earth's sphere into 24 equal time zones. Dynamical time-formerly called ephemeris time-is the timescale of astronomy. Astronomers use the orbit of Earth around the Sun, as well as the orbital motions of the Moon and the other planets, to determine dynamical time. Atomic time is based on the frequency of electromagnetic waves that are emitted or absorbed by certain atoms or molecules under particular conditions. It is the most precise method for measuring time.
II MEASUREMENT AND DETERMINATION The measurement of time passage probably began with the concepts of past, present, and future. Throughout history humans have used various celestial bodies-that is, the Sun, the Moon, the planets, and the stars-to measure the passage of time. Ancient peoples used the apparent motion of these bodies through the sky to determine the seasons, the length of the month, and the length of the year. See also Calendar. Humans created the sundial and the hourglass to measure time. The first mechanical clocks were invented in the 14th century. The use of the pendulum clock became popular in the 1600s when Dutch astronomer Christiaan Huygens applied the pendulum to regulate the movement of clocks (see Clocks and Watches). At this point, clocks became accurate enough to record minutes as well as hours.
The use of chronometers (precision timepieces) for precise measurement of time played an important role in navigation from the mid-18th century to the 1920s by helping to determine longitude. Prior to the invention of an accurate chronometer in the mid-18th century, navigators could easily determine their latitude, but determining longitude was more difficult. If a reading of the Sun's position was not made at precisely the noon hour, great errors in longitude could result. For example, an error of a second of longitude, for a ship at Earth's equator, produces an error in longitude position of about 400 m (about 1,300 ft). Precise time measurement gained further importance with the evolution of modern industrial societies. During the late 18th century, the Industrial Revolution prompted factory work to start and stop at appointed times, thus changing the tempo of life. The growth of railroads and the use of train schedules in the mid-19th century further emphasized the need for precise timekeeping.
A Solar Time The apparent motion of the Sun across the sky has long been used as a basis for measuring time. Under solar time, at any given locality it is noon-twelve o'clock in the daytime, or midday-when the Sun reaches the highest point in the sky. Noon at any place on the surface of Earth is when the Sun's direct rays pass over the meridian of that particular place (See also Prime Meridian). A meridian is an imaginary line that stretches from pole to pole on Earth's surface. A meridian is also known as a line of longitude (see Latitude and Longitude). The interval between successive passages of the Sun across the same meridian is one day, and this day is by custom divided into 24 hours. The amount of daylight in a day varies throughout the year, based on the tilt of Earth's axis and its orientation to the Sun as the seasons change (see Season). For the same reasons, a day in solar time is not always 24 hours long. The difference in the length of the 24-hour day during different seasons of the year can amount to as much as 16 minutes. With the invention of accurate timepieces in the 17th century, this difference in the length of the day became significant. To overcome this problem scientists invented mean solar time, which is based on the motion of a hypothetical sun traveling at an even rate throughout the year.
Universal time is simply the mean solar time measured at the Greenwich meridian, which is designated 0° longitude and from which the longitude of all points on the surface of Earth are measured. The meridian passing through the original site of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in Greenwich, England, has been recognized by international agreement since 1884 as the prime meridian. Universal time was originally called Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) but replaced that designation in 1928. Universal time is used to denote solar time when an accuracy to about one second suffices.
Because the basis of mean solar time relates to the motion of a hypothetical sun, scientists established a base position from which the mean time is calculated. This base position is the vernal, or spring, equinox (see Ecliptic), an imaginary point in the sky that is, nevertheless, calculated with great accuracy by astronomers (see Astronomy). Practically, scientists define the location of the vernal equinox by reference to the position of the "fixed" stars.
B Sidereal Time Sidereal time is based on the apparent motion of the distant, "fixed" stars across the sky. It has various astronomical purposes, such as predicting locations of objects in outer space. The primary unit of sidereal time is the sidereal day, which is subdivided into 24 sidereal hours. Each sidereal hour is subdivided into 60 minutes, and each minute into 60 seconds. Astronomers rely on sidereal clocks because any given star will cross the same meridian, or line of longitude, at the same sidereal time throughout the year.
According to convention, each sidereal day begins at the instant the vernal equinox crosses the prime meridian. The vernal equinox is the point on the celestial sphere at which the sun crosses the plane of the equator, moving from south to north. The celestial sphere is the apparent surface of the heavens, on which the stars appear to be fixed.
The U.S. Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C., uses mathematical tables to calculate mean solar time from mean sidereal time. The sidereal day is almost four minutes shorter than the mean solar day, so a discrepancy exists between the total number of hours in a mean solar year and in a mean sidereal year. This discrepancy arises because Earth rotates on its axis at the same time that it revolves around the Sun. According to mean sidereal time, Earth returns to the vernal equinox every 365 days 6 hours 9 minutes 9.54 seconds. According to mean solar time, Earth returns to the vernal equinox every 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 45.5 seconds. The difference between the two is 20 minutes 24.04 seconds.
C Standard Time In 1883 an international agreement introduced the concept of standard time. Standard time was adopted to avoid the complications of adhering to railroad time schedules when each community used its own local solar time. The base position for standard time is the prime meridian. The distance east or west of Greenwich determines the standard time zone and, thus, the standard time of a particular location.
D Dynamical Time Astronomers use dynamical time for the precise study of the motion of celestial bodies. Dynamical time replaced ephemeris time in 1984, when the International Astronomical Union (IAU) updated the Astronomical Almanac. Scientists introduced ephemeris time in 1940 and selected the orbital position of Earth around the Sun as the standard by which to define the numerical measure of ephemeris time. In the 1950s the IAU decided that ephemeris time could be based on the orbital position of any planet or satellite. Time would be determined by comparing the orbital position of a particular planet or satellite (natural or artificial) at a particular time to an ephemeride. An ephemeride is a table of orbital positions of a planet or a satellite mapped over a period of time.
The annual revolution of Earth around the Sun is the basis for dynamical time, and the base position of measure (as in sidereal time) is the vernal equinox. When the greatest degree of accuracy is required in computing the positions of a planet or star, astronomers use dynamical time, because neither mean solar time nor mean sidereal time is sufficiently accurate, as the motion of Earth on its axis is not regular and even. Variations in the rate of Earth's rotation amount to 1 or 2 seconds per year.
E Atomic Time Atomic time is the time scale of physics. Scientists use atomic time when they require exceptionally precise measurements of time intervals relating to physical phenomena. Clocks became more accurate and precise through the centuries, and with the introduction of atomic clocks-specifically, the construction of a high-precision cesium atomic clock in 1955-extremely accurate measurement of time became possible. Early mechanical clocks varied by several minutes each day. In the 1920s, vibrating quartz crystals were accurate to a few ten-thousandths of a second per day. The cesium atom clocks used in the 1980s lost less than a second in 3,000 years. In the 1990s the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States established an atomic clock-the NIST-7, also a cesium clock-that is accurate to a single second over 3 million years. The electronic components of atomic clocks are regulated by the frequency of radiation emitted or absorbed by a particular atom or molecule.
III SCIENTIFIC STANDARD OF TIME Until 1955 astronomers and scientists calculated the scientific standard of time-the second-based on Earth's period of rotation. They defined the second as 1/86,400 of a mean solar day. When scientists realized that Earth's rate of rotation is irregular, a redefinition of the second became necessary. In 1955 the IAU defined the second as 1/31,556,925.9747 of the solar year that was in progress at noon on December 31, 1899. The International Committee on Weights and Measures adopted this definition in 1956. Since 1967 the official length of a second in the International System of Units (SI) has been defined by atomic standards: a second is equal to 9,192,631,770 oscillations, or periods, of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine (closely spaced) energy states of the cesium-133 atom.
IV TIME ZONES For the purposes of standard time, Earth is divided into 24 standard time zones. The time zones extend from the North Pole to the South Pole, and within each zone the time is the same throughout. Within each time zone, local noon corresponds approximately to the time at which the Sun crosses the central meridian, or longitude, of that zone.
The distance east or west of the Greenwich meridian determines different time zones. According to the scientific model of standard time, each standard time zone spans 15° of longitude. In fact, the borders of time zones are bent to conform to state and country boundaries, as well as to facilitate commercial activities. In 1966 the U.S. Congress passed the Uniform Time Act, which established eight standard time zones for the United States and its outlying regions. In 1983 several time zone boundaries were altered so that most of Alaska, which formerly spanned four zones, could be unified under one time zone. The U.S. standard time zones are the Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Mountain, Pacific, Alaska, Hawaii-Aleutian, and Samoa zones.
There are five standard time zones in Canada. From east to west these are the Atlantic, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific time zones. Newfoundland has its own time zone, which is not a standard time zone. Newfoundland time is 30 minutes ahead of Atlantic time.
AInternational Date Line The International Date Line is a time zone boundary. It is an imaginary line extending from the North Pole to the South Pole and separating one calendar day from the next. Along most of its length, the International Date Line corresponds to the 180th meridian of longitude. A traveler moving eastward across the line sets his or her calendar back one day, and one traveling westward sets the calendar a day ahead.
VSTUDY OF TIME AND TIMESCALES Several areas of science and the humanities-including physics, geology, biology, and philosophy-overlap with the scientific study of time. Time scales and the concept of time are integral to our understanding of the universe, Earth, and the organisms that live on Earth.
APhysics of Time Einstein's first major contribution to the study of time occurred in 1905, when he introduced his special theory of relativity and showed how time changes with motion. The word relativity derives from the fact that the appearance of the world depends on the observer's state of motion and is relative to the observer. Today scientists do not see problems of time or motion as absolute with single correct answers. Because time is relative to the speed an observer is traveling, there can never be a clock at the center of the universe to which everyone can set his or her watch. Einstein's special theory of relativity tell us that an object traveling at high speeds ages more slowly than an object that is not traveling as fast. This means that if a person from Earth were to travel in outer space at a speed close to the speed of light (about 300,000 km per sec or about 186,000 mi per sec), that person could return to Earth thousands of years into Earth's future.
Time is distorted in regions of large masses, such as stars and black holes. In Einstein's general theory of relativity, which was introduced in 1916, the very existence of time depends on the presence of space. Einstein's general theory explains how gravity warps and slows time and why time moves very slightly slower in regions of high gravity, such as near stars, compared to regions of lesser gravity, such as on planets. This time-slowing effect becomes pronounced in regions of extremely high gravity, such as near black holes.
B Geologic Time Geologists-scientists who study Earth-use the geologic time scale to measure spans of time in the 4.5-billion-year history of Earth. This time scale measures blocks of time and is important for understanding the biological and geologic history-and evolution-of Earth. The longest blocks of time, eons, are divided into shorter blocks called eras. Eras are divided into periods, which are made up of epochs.
C Biological Clocks Many organisms exhibit biological rhythms. These are periodic biological fluctuations-changes in sleep patterns or hibernation patterns, for example-that occur in response to periodic environmental changes such as the cycles of night and day, darkness and light, and winter and summer. Organisms use biological clocks-such as circadian, or daily, rhythms-to remain in harmony with the cycles of day and night and the seasons.
Biological Clocks, internal physiological systems that enable organisms to live in harmony with the rhythms of nature, such as the cycles of day and night and of the seasons. Such biological "timers" exist for almost every kind of periodicity throughout the plant and animal world, but most of what is known about them comes from the study of circadian, or daily, rhythms. Circadian rhythms cue typical daily behavior patterns even in the absence of external cues such as sunrise, demonstrating that such patterns depend on internal timers for their periodicity.
No clock is perfect, however. When organisms are deprived of the external cues the world normally provides, such as light, they display a characteristic "free-running" period of not quite 24 hours. As a result, free-running animals drift slowly out of phase with the natural world. In experiments in which people are isolated for long periods of time, they continue to eat and sleep on regular, but increasingly out-of-phase, schedules. Such drift does not take place under normal circumstances, because external cues reset the clocks each day.
Light, particularly bright light, is believed to be the most powerful synchronizer of circadian rhythms. Recent studies on humans have shown that the amount of artificial indoor light to which people are exposed per day can resynchronize the body's cycle of sleep and wakefulness. People can inadvertently reset their body clocks to an undesired cycle by such activities as shielding morning light with shades and heavy curtains or by reading in bed at night by bright lamp light. Many organisms also make use of rhythmic variations in temperature or other sensory inputs to readjust their internal timers. When an internal clock's time is very different from the external time, complete resetting sometimes requires days. This phenomenon is well known to long-distance air travelers as jet lag.
Apparently, biological clocks can exist in every cell and even in different parts of a cell. Hence, an isolated piece of tissue removed from an organism-for example, the eye of a sea slug-will maintain its own daily rhythm but will quickly adopt that of the whole organism when restored to it.
In the brains of most animals, a master clock appears to exist that communicates its timing signals chemically to the rest of the organism. For example, a brain removed from a moth pupa and exposed to an artificial sunrise of one time zone, then implanted into the abdomen of a headless pupa on a different time zone schedule, will cause the second pupa to emerge at the time of day appropriate to the disconnected brain floating in its abdomen. The clock in the brain triggers the release of a hormone that switches on all the complex behavior involved in pupal emergence.
Scientists believe that the biological clock in humans is located in the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates such basic drives as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire. The biological clock itself is believed to be a cluster of nerve cells called the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Melatonin, a hormone produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness, is thought to play a primary role in controlling the body's circadian rhythm. Recent studies have found that very low doses of melatonin, administered as a food supplement, can induce sleep, making the hormone potentially useful as a remedy for sleep disorders or jet lag.
Recent biochemical studies on fruit flies, as well as earlier research on bread mold, have revealed genes that play an important role in the biological clocks of these organisms. In bread mold, a gene known as freq has been shown to be integral to the mold's biological clock. In the fruit fly, a gene known as clock is turned on in the morning and activates two genes known as per (for period) and tim (for timeless). The proteins encoded by per and tim appear to interact together with light to govern the insect's biological clock. The same proteins govern the biological clocks of mice, raising the possibility that a similar system may exist in humans. Evidence suggests that a similar mechanism involving different proteins operates in such disparate organisms as cyanobacteria and plants.
A fuller understanding of biological clocks could be important in many ways. One promising theory of aging, for example, is based on an observation that, in old age, the many separate, subordinate clocks in the body seem somehow to become less tightly coupled to the master clock in the brain. This lack of synchronization may contribute to many of the problems associated with aging.
Philosophy of Time Philosophers have long argued about the nature of time. Some philosophers, notably German philosopher Immanuel Kant, have proposed that newborn babies may experience the passage of time. Others have proposed that the human mind must learn to construct time. For example, French philosopher Henri Bergson thought of time as something entirely derived from experience. In Bergson's doctoral dissertation, Time and Free Will (1889; translated 1910), he proposed that time is a matter of subjective experience. According to Bergson, an infant would not experience time directly but rather would have to learn how to experience it.
TIME DILATION Time is not a physical constant. Motion and gravity effect time by dilating (slowing) it or by expanding its duration. In 1905 Albert Einstein described the effect of motion on time in his special theory of relativity. In 1916 he described the effect of gravity on time in his general theory of relativity.
Time dilation effects due to motion were experimentally observed in the early 1970s. Researchers placed atomic clocks on commercial airliners and observed the expected changes in time as measured by those clocks relative to similar clocks on the ground. In particular, when the planes traveled east, in the direction of Earth's rotation, the clocks on the airliners were 59 nanoseconds (59 billionths of a second) slow relative to the atomic clocks on the ground. When the airplanes traveled west, the clocks were 273 nanoseconds fast. This discrepancy is caused by the rotation of Earth, which causes an additional time dilation. If the effect of Earth's rotation is removed, the time dilation produced by the motion of the airliners confirms Einstein's theory of how time changes with motion, as the dilation is in agreement with predictions made by the theory.
Time dilation effects due to gravity have been experimentally verified in many ways. For example, time on the Sun's surface runs about two parts in a million slower than on Earth because of the Sun's much higher gravity. In 1968 American physicist Irwin Shapiro confirmed this effect when he showed that radar signals (see Radar Astronomy) and their reflections from planets are delayed when the Sun is near the path of the signals.
Likewise the matching in the biological pschological clock can predict a match made in heaven. The Zodiac Clock is the master key to allow anyone to use Astrology for self-help or even as a hobby of enlightment for Astrologers to use as a tool in match-making.
C.J. Jung's theory of the 'collective unconscious'. He believed that human brains have been shaped and affected by the experience of mankind over millions of years, and he suggested that in a deeper level of mind than the personal unconscious there is the collective unconscious, which contains certain very primitive images or ways of thinking. These are the archetypes, which find expression in religion, mythology, philosophy, science, symbolism, dreams, visions and fantasies.
The collective consciousness has been described as the historical experience collectively instilled and manifested in the minds of certain individuals, latently, perhaps in us all. Carl Jung thought that the collective unconscious contained the whole spiritual heritage of mankind's evolution, born anew in the brain structure of every individual. He advanced the hypothesis that the unconscious possesses at its deeper levels collective contents in a relatively active state owing their existence exclusively to heredity and have never been in consciousness but forgotten or repressed.
Bergson suggests that the traditional association between the model of space and time is incoherent. Unlike space, time is not measurable by objective standard.
"Consciousness is distinct from the organism it animates, although it must undergo its vicissitudes (variation of fortune) ...the destiny of consciousness is not bound up on that account with the destiny of cerebral matter"
Creative Evolution by Henri Bergson
" A solitary ant, afield, cannot be considered to have much of anything on his mind; indeed, with only a few neurones strung together by fibres, he can't be imagined to have a mind at all, much less a thought. He is more like a ganglion on legs. Four ants together, or ten, encircling a dead moth on a path, begin to look more like an idea. They fumble and shove, gradually moving the food toward the Hill, but as though by blind chance. It is only when you watch the dense mass of thousands of ants, crowded together around the Hill, blackening the ground, that you begin to see the whole beast, and now you observe it thinking., planning, calculating. It is an intelligence, a kind of live computer, with crawling bits for its wits." On the other hand, the 'group effect', a phenomenon of psychology which I suggest has a fundamental significance, arises in the same circumstances. Ants work three times more effectively if nearby co-working ants are present (Chen, 1937). Not only the presence of co-working partners, but also, the mere presence of passive 'observers' facilitates their activity (Dashiell, 1930). 'Social facilitation' is a general phenomenon accompanied by an enhanced level of brain activity appearing in the whole range of social animals, including humans as well
Consciousness develops through the phenomenon of 'emotional infection', widespread among children, and also present in rituals and when masses of people form a community. In new-born children, the movements originate from spontaneous emotional reactions, their sources are within the emotional system (Wallon, H., 1946). " At the origin of evolution, in contrast with the traditional conception, an undivided state existed in which the outer and the inner were not separated." The propensity to interact originates from the nature of emotions, of their mutuality (Endre K. Grandpierre, this volume) and field-nature, which is the basis of the well-known phenomenon of 'transference' , the easy transfer of emotions in the trance-state from one person to another. This is the basis of the transference of emotions, its epidemic character, as well as the wide range phenomena of mass psychosis and collective impulses, when the individual consciousnesses merge into one single common consciousness (Wallon, ibid.).
Since the under-utilisation of the brain leads to the self-destruction of the organism, psychic and somatic illnesses, emotions can not be exiled from the centre of the brain to its highly controlled peripheries. Elevation of the consciousness of mankind is unimaginable without the elevation of its basic level of activity, without a significant role of emotions.
The material universe is only a skin of a much more alive, filled Universe, the body of which is constituted of emotions which are much more real than the known forms of reality. This reality is an intense, free, sparkling river of natural forces of emotions. We can conceive that the known material Universe is only a far side-descendant of the core Reality, of the real Universe, of which the fundamental nature is emotional, therefore much more free, inductive, self-fulfilling and human. Losing this real Universe generates a schism and an emotional emptiness, and the void is filled - as history teaches us - with brutality, hate, power and destruction.
Psychological research shows that the efficiency of tuning in between different people is determined largely by emotional connections, i.e. transpersonal connections are the most effective between lovers, parents and children, friends tuned to each other. This result suggests that mankind may heal itself if we are able to tune us more effectively to the natural sources of consciousness, to the natural powers living in us, revealing the natural beings behind the manipulated masks which are developed by an unnatural society's norms, and when our emotional bounds are strengthened towards the wider ranges of our personal existence, towards Nature and the Universe.
Albert Einstein and consciousness
"A human being is a part of a whole, called by us universe, a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings as something separated from the rest... a kind of optical delusion of his consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty."
- Albert Einstein
Collective Consciousness
Historically, great movements in any area emerge from a collective consciousness. It is not surprising that in any given field of activity, great ideas do not occur in isolation. Despite an idea germinating in an individual mind, it is interesting to note that the same idea strikes two or more thinkers, geographically far apart, around the same time. Collective consciousness results from consensus. At any given time, collective consciousness is actively operational in a group as small as the family and as large as half the global population. The power of collective consciousness has not been fully explored or appreciated, except perhaps in times of great distress when 'prayers' are offered by a group of individuals for a particular reason and the prayers are answered.
And yet Collective Consciousness can be illustrated clearly with the consumerism of capitalism. In the world of mass media TV, film, music literature pollitics, religion etc the result is evolution. The collective approval by audience or purchase gives a measure of emotional approval of creativity or new trends desired by a large following. The concept of free will becomes a collective will that creates massive new movements and eras best illustrated in politics. Prayer can be said to be a conversation with ones' own consciousness.
CONCLUSION:
All humans are connected to time through the mystery of consciousness and collective consciousness is a manifestation of God. The mystical divinity (Descartes) of time is part of God. Consciousness is the awareness of time by the brain. This duality of time and matter is consciousness. The understanding of time (Spinoza) not the measurement is the understanding of the spiritual ....History is the mirror of collective consciousness of the past from the perspective of biased individuals Only disciplines of science can attempt to make truths and not individuals. Only the study through science can time be understood. Astrology is only a language to understand time. It is the measurement of cosmic time and time has a past a present and a future. The past is the sum of many individuals; consciousness in the present is the sum of even more self will individuals; and the future is the combination and permutations of collective consciouness. Astrology is only accurate when events tend to repeat themselves but with advanced mathematics and quantum mechanics a path into the future can be understood. Only consciousness can travel through time
at infinite speed from past to future at fraction of a second. Consciousness is the egotistical self travelling on the platform of time. And this platform can be the metaphore for the spiritual world or the infinite God.
Can the Messiah be the collective consiousness of society or of a particular nation.??? "God is in all of us". Can God be the collective unity of all humanity and time His stage or vice versa? Astrology only attempts to read God's mystery as it unfolds in the mystery of the universe. Somehow it all comes down to perception and level of research. In the information age a new world has opened a new study. Consciousness has made a quantumn leap to understand thought and reality. Thought has no mass and yet has infinite speed. Thought can master time and know time. When thought enters the spiritual world a oneness begins its birth. On the negative side by hiding truths or by false dogma thought loses its way and falls into decadence.
"My solution was really for the very concept of time, that is, that time is not absolutely defined but there is an inseparable connection between time and the velocity of light." History of Time
stantaneously across the universe as in the physics of
Newton, but, even more effectively, by the four-
dimensional region of “Elsewhere.” It can also be
shown that an event which is in the causal future for
a certain observer cannot be in the causal past of any
conceivable observer. This follows from Minkowski's
formula for the invariance of the world interval:
I = s2 - c2(t2 - t1)2 = const.
s is spatial distance separating two events, (t2 - t1)
being their separation in time.
To Hegel, "world history is thus the unfolding of Spirit in time, as nature is the unfolding of the Idea in space.".He does believe that world historical events represent the necessary unfolding of the Spirit through time. "The History of the world is none other than the progress of the consciousness of Freedom..." Absolute Consciousness will be experienced by all with the "end of time".
In Art:
one dimensional is a straight line.
two dimensional is the surface or canvas
three dimensional is the visual reproduction or photo.
fourth dimensionl is the moving picture or film.
As a metaphore the fourth dimension is the 3rd demention with time added.
Gravity
In the solar system, for example, the effect of the sun and the earth is to cause the moon to move on a geodesic that winds around the geodesic of the earth 12 times a year. This orbit of Earth around the sun gives us the solar year but also at same time the moon rotates 12 times around the Earth giving the lunar year.
In modern physics many theories are being developed to explain the phenomena of spacetime and energy into types of vibrations and waves with a unifying theory still to be discovered. However in the context of Astrology time and energy are one and the same only differnt as to source . In other words the 3 dimensional universe comes alive and expanding like an accordian by "Time". Time is the omnipotent ingredient that contains and creates everything. The instant (I) is time as measured by the energy that emanates Einstein decided that time was the whole key to understanding the universe, . He wrote:-
"My solution was really for the very concept of time, that is, that time is not absolutely defined but there is an inseparable connection between time and the velocity of light."
.(I) T= E = MC² , T=Distance/Velocity
.In Einstein's general theory of relativity, he proposed that space and time may be united into a single, four-dimensional geometry consisting of 3 space dimensions and 1 time dimension.
Asrtology is an attempt to place time into human events and that as it happened in the past it is bound to repeat. As the rotation of Earth repeats its cycles annually, the expanding universe creates an upward spiral with changes caused by time. Astrology is a dance between destiny and free-will managed by time
But for those who may want to debate further the concept of time/space may want to consider that space is a vacuum that only exists in the container of time.. The inverse does not work for time is llike an accordian that creates space as it expands.
"There is no Deity existing prior to evolution and causing evolution at its will. Deity is not ready yet, it is still in the process of making. The whole universe is now striving to evolve Deity. Deity is neither the ground nor the cause of the universe. The origin of all things, even of Deity, is Space-Time with the categories. It is clear then that, according to Alexander, Space-Time has no creator, it is self-existent and is the cause of all other things which emerge from it. The God of religion is the whole universe thirsting for the evolution of Deity. Religious feelings and experiences are the action on our minds and bodies of the universe pressing forward towards Deity. Deity is not responsible for anything in the universe, for it is not yet born. There seems to be an endless evolution in inexhaustible time, and Deity itself is a creature of time."
Thus Alexander's book stands quite alone in the history of twentieth-century philosophyr
link starts with Aries